Definition of Psychology
Originally, word of Psychology derived from Latin word. Psyche means soul, mind, and behaviour
Logos means study
Psychology means a study of soul, mind, and behavior
Approaches In Psychology
- Structuralism
- Functionalism
- Psychoanalitic
- Behaviorism
- Gestalt
- Humanism
Area of Study
- Education
- Counseling
- Sport
- Management
- Human Resaource
- Political Science
- Training
- Art And Design
Awareness
Awareness is defined as the reflection to the real world and it is involved with the mental process
Basically, there are certain theories to explain.
Psychoanalytic Approach
Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939)
Born in Freiberg, Czechoslovakia
Followed his family to move to Vienna, Austria
At beginning, he was a neurologist, but suddenly he was involved with psychology when he found that hysteric symptom is related to the soul
Conscious, Sub-conscious, Unconscious Mind
Figure 1 : Conscious, Sub-conscious, Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud assumed that the mind is divided into three parts.
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Personality Structure
The id
The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive and primitive behaviors. According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality.
The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant’s needs are met.
The Super Ego
The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society–our sense of right and wrong. The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
Ego
The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.
Major Defense Mechanism
A defense mechanism is a tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety. Defense mechanisms are thought to safeguard the mind against feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the conscious mind to cope with. In some instances, defense mechanisms are thought to keep inappropriate or unwanted thoughts and impulses from entering the conscious mind.
Repression
The unconscious purpose of repression operates in a person who is not able to recall a threatening situation or may completely forget that an abusive person ever was a part of his/her life.
Denial
Denial is characterized by having a conscious awareness at some level, but simply denies the reality of the experience by pretending it is not there.
Regression
Regression involves a movement back in developmental time to when a person felt safe and secure. Often, that is childhood.
Projection
Projection is attributing your own unacceptable impulses to someone else. The impulses are still judged unacceptable but they belong to someone else, not you.
Displacement
Displacement involves taking out our frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. Displaced aggression is a common example of this defense mechanism.
Reaction Formation
reduces anxiety by taking up the opposite feeling, impulse, or behavior. An example of reaction formation would be treating someone you strongly dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your true feelings. According to Freud, they are using reaction formation as a defense mechanism to hide their true feelings by behaving in the exact opposite manner.
Sublimation
Sublimation is a defense mechanism that allows us to act out unacceptable impulses by converting these behaviors into a more acceptable form. For example, a person experiencing extreme anger might take up painting as a means of venting frustration. Freud believed that sublimation was a sign of maturity that allows people to function normally in socially acceptable ways.
Johari Window
The Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction.
Table 1: Johari Window
Open
The “open” quadrant represents things that both I know about myself, and that you know about me. For example, I know my name, and so do you, and if you have explored some of my website, you know some of my interests. When I first meet a new person, the size of the opening of this first quadrant is not very large, since there has been little time to exchange information. As the process of getting to know one another continues, the window shades move down or to the right, placing more information into the open window, as described below.
Blind
The “blind” quadrant represents things that you know about me, but that I am unaware of. So, for example, we could be eating at a restaurant, and I may have unknowingly gotten some food on my face. This information is in my blind quadrant because you can see it, but I cannot. If you now tell me that I have something on my face, then the window shade moves to the right, enlarging the open quadrant’s area. For example, perhaps in our ongoing conversation, you may notice that eye contact seems to be lacking. You may not say anything, since you may not want to embarrass me, or you may draw your own inferences that perhaps I am being insincere.
Hidden
The “hidden” quadrant represents things that I know about myself, that you do not know. So for example, I have not told you, nor mentioned anywhere on my website, what one of my favorite ice cream flavors is. This information is in my “hidden” quadrant. As we get to know and trust each other, I will then feel more comfortable disclosing more intimate details about myself. This process is called: “Self-disclosure.”
Unknown
The “unknown” quadrant represents things that neither I know about myself, nor you know about me. For example, I may disclose a dream that I had, and as we both attempt to understand its significance, a new awareness may emerge, known to neither of us before the conversation took place. Usually, I am terrified of speaking in public, but I was surprised to learn that in such an atmosphere, the task need not be so daunting. Prior to this event, I had viewed myself and others had also viewed me as being extremely shy. Thus, a novel situation can trigger new awareness and personal growth.
Gestalt Principle of Perception
Figure 2: Principle of Perception I Figure 3: Principle of Perception II
Figure 4: Gestalt Theory
Figure Ground Relationships
Elements are perceived as either figures (distinct elements of focus) or ground (the background or landscape on which the figures rest)
Determining the figure ground relationship is also the very first thing people do when they direct their gaze; new things come into view and our brains need a basis upon which to make sense of things.
We have to determine which elements are figures (requiring immediate concern and attention) and which are ground (not so important right now, but do provide context).
Our perception of the figure ground relationship allows us to organize what we see by how each object relates to others.
Gestalt is a psychology term which means “unified whole”. It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s. These theories attempt to describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied. These principles are:
Gestalt Approach
- Gestalt comes from the German Language, means :
- “wholeness”
- Perfect
- Form
Illusions
Many people claim to have seen ghosts, flying saucers, big foot or people floating on the air. May be they are flying, may be they saw something extraordinary or may be they saw something ordinary but misinterpreted it.
An illusion is a misinterpretation of a visual stimulus.
Gestalt Approach
- Perceptual learning is responsible for a number of illusion.
- In an illusion, length, position, motion or direction is consistently misjudged.
- In hallucination, people perceive objects or events that have no external reality.
- Therefore illusions is a misleading or distorted perception
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
nurusyahiraidris.wordpress.com 